Month: July 2025

Author: Sayyed Musleh Uddin Diplomacy in Islam (part 5) When al-Muʿtaṣim succeeded his brother al-Maʾmūn as caliph, the Emperor of Constantinople, Theophilos, decided to conclude a…

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Author: Sayyed Musleh Uddin Diplomacy in Islam (Part 4) Islamic Diplomacy and East–West Relations The Umayyad Caliphate achieved notable success in establishing diplomatic relations with neighboring…

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