Author: Mohajer Azizi
Sikhism: Its Origin and Fundamental Beliefs (Part Two)
Historical Background and Formation of Sikhism
Sikhism, unlike many other religions and traditions, does not have a long historical background; it is a relatively new faith that has existed for about 500 years. This religion emerged during the religious disputes of the 15th century, when significant conflicts and chaos spread among the people of the Indian subcontinent. At that time, India was under the rule of the Muslim sultans of Delhi, and severe religious, class, and social tensions existed between Muslims and Hindus. This situation created a fertile environment for the emergence of a reformist movement.
During the Middle Ages, India experienced the rigid caste system of Hinduism, which imposed severe discrimination against lower classes. Simultaneously, Sufi Islam was expanding, promoting messages of love, monotheism, equality, and mysticism.
Guru Nanak (1469–1539 CE) was born into a Hindu family but was deeply influenced by Islamic and Sufi thought. From the very beginning, Nanak preached a message of unity and monotheism, aiming to break down the walls between religions.
Key Elements in the Emergence of Sikhism
Some key elements that contributed to the emergence of Sikhism include:
1. Rejection of Religious and Class Discrimination: Guru Nanak emphasized that all human beings are equal.
2. Monotheism: This concept aligns with both Islamic Sufi thought and certain Hindu philosophies.
3. Ceremonial and Cultural Integration: Sikhism drew from Islamic traditions (such as monotheism and worship with pure intentions) and Hindu traditions (like karma and reincarnation) while establishing its unique identity.
John B. Noss, a prominent American author and researcher in the field of religious studies, discusses the factors leading to the formation of Sikhism. He notes that Hinduism was in decline and unable to fulfill the spiritual needs of many of its followers, particularly during times of political and social crises. This lack of unity among Hindus contributed to their defeats; for instance, when India was invaded by Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni in the 10th century, Hindu forces were defeated despite their larger numbers. This imbalance highlighted the motivational strength of the Muslim warriors’ religious beliefs, which provided them with unity and resolve. In contrast, Hinduism’s principles—such as the caste system, idol worship, and Brahmin dominance—furthered divisions and stagnation in society.
Another significant influence on the formation of Sikhism was Guru Nanak’s encounter with the teachings of Ramananda (born around 1400 CE) and his senior disciple, Kabir (1440-1518 CE). Kabir, a prominent reformer in Hinduism, emphasized monotheism influenced by Sufi thoughts and criticized idol worship. He taught that God transcends physical representations, asserting that true devotion requires the purification of the soul and sincerity in worship, not merely outward acts and rituals. Kabir’s followers, known as the “Kabir Panthis,” later influenced Nanak, who often cited Kabir’s teachings while articulating his own message.
A notable story recounts an experience of Guru Nanak in 1499 CE when he mysteriously went missing for three days. His clothes were found by the river, but he was not located. When he reappeared, he initially remained silent about his experience. On the second day, he proclaimed: “Neither the Hindu religion nor the Islamic religion do I choose. I must follow the path of God. God is neither Muslim nor Hindu; the only way I should follow is the path of God.” During his absence, Guru Nanak claimed to have been in God’s presence, where he received a cup of divine wisdom, instructed to imbibe it, and told: “This cup contains the remembrance of God’s name. Drink it; I am with you and bless you. Whichever person remembers you; I am with them. Go forth, rejoice in My name, and teach others to do the same.”
The Origin and Main Place of Sikhs
The origin of Sikhism is Punjab, a region in northwestern India, part of which became Pakistan after the partition. Today, the largest Sikh population resides in Punjab, often referred to as the Sikh state. Punjab is one of India’s richest agricultural regions, contributing significantly to the national grain supply, earning it the title of the “granary of India.” This region was also among the first in India to adopt mechanized agriculture.
Characteristics of Sikhism and its Followers
1. Sikhs are known for their hardworking nature, believing that diligence and effort are essential for progress.
2. They are primarily engaged in agriculture and trade, holding a significant place in India’s economic and agricultural structure.
3. Sikhs are characterized by strong physiques and generally good health, attributed to better nutrition compared to other groups.
4. They are deeply committed to their unique culture and religious practices, recognizable by their distinctive attire and traditions.
5. Sikhs are Known for their bravery and valor, Sikhs often refer to themselves as “Singh,” meaning “lion” or “chief.”
6. Devout Sikhs observe five distinctive symbols, all beginning with the letter “K” in Punjabi:
– Kesh: unshorn hair.
– Kanga: wooden comb.
– Kara: iron bracelet.
– Kachera: special short trousers.
– Kirpan: ceremonial sword (often included in lists despite not being mentioned in the original text).
7. Generosity is viewed as one of the highest virtues in Sikhism. Sikhs practice communal feeding (Langar) at their temples.
8. Emphasizing that all humans are equal regardless of social status.
9. They oppose superstitions, idol worship, and groundless rituals.
10. The consumption of drugs, alcohol, tobacco, and any harmful substances is strictly prohibited. Sikhism also forbids gossip, lying, and boastful talk, and considers adultery a major sin requiring commitment to fidelity in relationships.
11. Idle talk, such as boasting, lying, slandering, backbiting, and so on, is forbidden in the Sikh religion.
12. Infidelity to one’s spouse is considered a major sin in Sikhism. Individuals must remain faithful to their spouse both physically and mentally.
13. Another of the more peculiar aspects of Sikhism is that circumcision is forbidden.
14. Excessive attachment to wealth and material possessions is not recommended in this religion.
15. However, followers of Sikhism should not completely renounce the world and its possessions and live as recluses, beggars, or monks, but should strive to acquire worldly goods only to the extent necessary.
16. There is no priestly or clerical class in Sikhism. The great Sikh Guru brought an end to this practice.
17. Any kind of sexual relationship before marriage or outside of marriage is forbidden for followers of the Sikh religion.
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