One of the most unfortunate habits of nationalists is that, in their pride for national symbols, heroes, warriors, scientific and cultural figures, ancient monuments, language, race, and similar aspects, they view their nation as distinct and separate from others. They believe in the superiority of their nation over others and consider themselves patriots, seeing the soil, language, history, and other national belongings as sacred. This mindset leads nationalists to disregard the values of others as worthless, while viewing their own as the ultimate reality. In this part of the research, we will discuss the elements, components, and foundational aspects of nationalism.
The key elements that nationalism relies on include: language, common history, land, values, customs and traditions, and culture. Nationalism embodies the love, affection, and attachment of a nation to its land, language, culture, history, or race, fostering a commitment to defend and preserve these attributes. However, nationalism can also lead individuals to perceive themselves as superior to others.
If we define nationalism as a love for the homeland that fosters a collective sense of community in a specific area, then nationalism has two dimensions: one ethnic and the other national. From the ethnic perspective, nationalism can be understood as a dual tendency comprising a sense of unity and a sense of alienation based on the shared characteristics of homeland, language, race, history, culture, and religion.
Nationalism is characterized by the primacy given to ethnic and national affiliations. A person may view themselves as separate from others due to factors such as land, common life, blood, or race, developing a sense of belonging to a particular nation and focusing on securing national interests, even at the expense of others.
Nationalists emphasize commonalities such as historical background, language, race, customs, traditions, and ideals to construct a national identity. Therefore, those who share these characteristics are valued, while those who do not are often excluded.
National consciousness often creates a sense of loyalty and attachment to the elements that constitute the nation (race, language, traditions, moral values, and culture) and can sometimes lead to an exaggerated veneration of these elements and a belief in their superiority over the national manifestations of other nations. Since every nation has a defined territory, loyalty to the land and a willingness to sacrifice for its protection are foundational to nationalism.
Various theories have been proposed regarding the factors that give rise to national sentiment and collective passion among a group of people, which can sometimes contradict each other. Johann Herder and Johann Fichte, prominent figures in the German school of nationalism, emphasized language and history as crucial factors in the development of a nation’s identity, particularly viewing language as an expression of the national spirit and a key aspect of each nation’s separate identity.
Language
Research indicates that nationalists regard language as one of the most significant tools for promoting ethnocentrism and nationalism. They consider unity in language to be the essence of the nation and the source of its vitality.
Language is a vital aspect of culture; it is integral to culture while also being capable of defining it. The manner in which we understand and experience the world is closely tied to language, as the breadth and structure of our vocabulary reflect our capacity to articulate our experiences.
A common language is one of the most important pillars of nationalism. A unified language is essential for fostering a national identity. Language serves as a medium of communication and understanding between individuals, allowing them to express their feelings and ideas. However, it can also lead to divisions, with some groups regarding their language as superior to others, which fosters nationalism and ethnic pride.
Following the rise of nationalism globally, movements advocating for linguistic nationalism have surfaced in various regions. A notable example is the linguistic nationalism movement in the Indian subcontinent, particularly the push for the official status of the Bengali language, which played a crucial role in the separation of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) from West Pakistan.
In the Arab world, writers and intellectuals have provided significant theoretical support for the Arab nationalist movement, emphasizing the importance of language as a form of national identity and unity. Many of the pioneers in these efforts were Arab Christians and missionaries, who played a vital role in promoting nationalism in their respective countries. They established schools and colleges, raising awareness about the Arabic language and advocating for Arab identity, thereby highlighting the shared qualities of Muslim and Christian Arabs.
While there is nothing inherently wrong with striving for the dynamism, progress, and growth of a language, the danger lies in individuals—whether Muslim or non-Muslim—preferring their own language to the exclusion of others, disregarding their worth. This mindset leads to discord among the diverse segments of society and hampers the overall growth and development of a nation. People whose languages are ridiculed may lose faith in their country’s future, leading them to become disengaged from its progress.
