The Difference Between an Islamic State and a Secular/Democratic State
In the previous note, six differences between Islamic and secular/democratic states were discussed. In this note, the discussion continues with additional differences:
7. The Duration of the Ruler’s Governance
In an Islamic state, the ruler remains in office as long as he meets the conditions set forth in the Sharia, and his rule ends only when these conditions are eliminated or death approaches. In some recent theories, attempts have been made to add a time condition (Toghit) to the period of Islamic rule; however, this view has not yet been fully accepted or popularized.
In contrast, the ruler in a secular state has a limited and specific term of rule, predetermined based on the constitution or the customs of the society.
8. The Ruler’s Goal and Duty
The most important duty of the ruler in a religious state is to implement the Sharia and secure Allah’s pleasure. In other words, although Sharia law is established by Allah to ensure the interests of the people, the main goal of the ruler in an Islamic state is to gain divine approval through the implementation of Sharia law, not merely to satisfy the desires of the people. However, it is assumed that, in a religious society, the satisfaction of the people also depends on the proper implementation of Sharia law.
Conversely, in a secular state, the primary task and goal are to gain the satisfaction of the people by ensuring their public interests. In this model, public opinion is considered the main criterion for the legitimacy of the state.
9. The Ruler’s Financial Powers
The ruler in an Islamic state has broader financial powers due to his Sharia guardianship. He can receive all Sharia funds, such as zakat, khums, and other religious income, and allocate them at his discretion towards achieving religious and social goals. This feature grants the religious state greater freedom of action in the economic, cultural, and political spheres.
In contrast, in a secular state, the ruler’s financial powers are limited to regulations established in the constitution or annual laws approved by parliament. Any violation of these limits may call into question the legitimacy of the statesmen and can lead to their dismissal.
Conclusion
The distinctions mentioned above represent some of the most significant differences between Islamic and secular/democratic states. These differences illustrate that the Islamic state is a unique type of government, rooted in the sovereignty of Allah and Sharia. In such a state, the government and rulers enjoy a certain degree of sanctity and spirituality.
As a doctrinal state, the Islamic state derives its structure and character from belief and faith. However, the fact that this state is doctrinal does not imply that it is ideological; distinctions between these two concepts warrant separate discussion and explanation.
