Year: 2025

Author: Sayyed Musleh Uddin Diplomacy in Islam (part 6) Charlemagne and Haroon al-Rashid In the mid-eighth century CE, processes of political stabilization were unfolding in both…

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Author: Sayyed Musleh Uddin Diplomacy in Islam (part 5) When al-Muʿtaṣim succeeded his brother al-Maʾmūn as caliph, the Emperor of Constantinople, Theophilos, decided to conclude a…

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