A Concise Overview of the History and Ideologies of Communism (Part 6)
The Economic System of Communism
In the communist economic system, all productive resources—such as land, means of production, factories, and capital—are managed collectively by the state. This system aims to produce and distribute wealth in a manner that reduces social inequalities and ensures all members of society benefit equally from resources.
This concept was developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, two German philosophers of the 19th century. Their ideas were based on the principle that inequalities in capitalist societies stem from private ownership of the means of production and the concentration of capital in the hands of a limited number of individuals.
Principles and Features of a Communist Economy
A communist economy is built upon several key principles, each contributing to the goal of creating social and economic equality:
1. Communal Ownership: In a communist economy, private ownership of production resources—such as factories, mines, and land—is abolished. All resources become public or state property, preventing any individual or group from exclusively exploiting and profiting from productive resources. Instead, profits and products are distributed equally or according to individuals’ needs.
2. Government Control Over the Economy: In a communist economy, the government plays an active role in planning and controlling production and distribution. It determines what goods should be produced, the quantity needed, and how these goods should be distributed based on the collective needs of society, rather than individual profitability. The aim of this governmental control is to ensure resources are used efficiently for the benefit of all members of society.
3. Equality in the Distribution of Wealth: A core objective of the communist economy is to mitigate economic inequalities. The primary aim is to distribute wealth and productive resources equally among all members of society, ensuring everyone benefits from societal resources according to their needs, without any individual appropriating more wealth than others due to ownership or economic status.
4. Elimination of Social Classes: The communist economic model strives to abolish social classes, treating all individuals as equals within society. Unlike the capitalist system, where ownership of production and wealth establishes social classes, communism eliminates private property to prevent class division based on wealth and assets.
5. Abolition of Personal Gain Motivation: In a communist system, the primary motivation for production and work shifts from personal gain to fulfilling collective needs and cooperating for societal improvement. This fundamentally contrasts with capitalism, where personal profit serves as the main driver of economic activity.
6. Emphasis on Cooperation Over Competition: In capitalist systems, competition among individuals and companies for greater profits is a fundamental principle. Conversely, a communist economy promotes cooperation and solidarity among individuals instead of competition. The goal is that all members of society work towards collective improvement rather than individual gain.
Communist Economy in Practice
Throughout the 20th century, numerous attempts were made to establish communist societies in countries such as the Soviet Union, China, Cuba, and North Korea. While these nations implemented various economic systems inspired by communism, the outcomes and consequences of these experiments were varied and often controversial.
1. Soviet Union: The Soviet Union was the first country to implement communist economic principles on a national scale. Following the Bolshevik Revolution led by Vladimir Lenin in 1917, the Soviet government took complete control of the economy. All productive resources were state-owned, and a central planning system was established for goods’ production and distribution. Although this system achieved some early successes, such as rapid industrialization, many issues emerged over time, including inefficient planning, corruption within the state apparatus, and shortages of essential goods. Ultimately, the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 and transitioned back to capitalism due to economic inefficiencies and social problems.
2. China: After the communist revolution led by Mao Zedong in 1949, China adopted a communist economic system. Initially, the government exercised complete control over the economy and centrally planned the production and distribution of goods. However, this system faced significant challenges, leading to famine and shortages. Over subsequent decades, China moved toward a mixed system combining socialism and capitalism through economic reforms, resulting in rapid economic growth and improved public welfare. Nevertheless, many communist principles remain embedded in China’s governmental and political structure.
3. Cuba: The state-controlled economy in Cuba has faced severe challenges, often ranking among Latin and Central American countries with the least economic freedom. Historically, Cuba has been heavily reliant on the Soviet Union and later Russia for imports. Recently, a shift in governmental approaches has alleviated crises related to medicine, fuel, and food; however, extensive relations with Russia and Venezuela have left a large part of the economy subjected to U.S. sanctions.
4. North Korea: North Korea is one of the most isolated countries globally, and its isolationist policies have resulted in limited information about its economy. Available data indicate a dire situation; according to the United Nations, North Korea’s GDP per capita is just $665, lower than even Haiti’s. The government tightly controls the market, leading to widespread scarcity of goods and the existence of dual pricing systems (government versus free market).
5. Vietnam: Vietnam is a communist country that has experienced significant growth in recent years thanks to extensive structural reforms. Over the last decade, it has lifted approximately 45 million citizens out of poverty and aims for continued economic growth of about seven percent.
6. Laos: As one of the least developed economies in Southeast Asia, Laos remains heavily reliant on natural resources such as copper, gold, and timber. Despite some reforms, the country’s economic position lags behind many of its Southeast Asian neighbors.
